RESUMO
We quantitatively investigate the energy efficiency and the possibility of detecting the electronic ultrafast processes of a new dynamical nonlinear mechanism suitable for the nonlinear photonic crystal switching effect with femtosecond pumping. It is found that the energy efficiency of the new dynamical nonlinear mechanism is considerably higher than traditional band-gap shift mechanism, and the characteristics of the transmission curve are related to the parameters of the electronic ultrafast processes. Thus, the dynamical nonlinear mechanism is a new way to enhance the nonlinear efficiency and to indirectly detect the electronic femtosecond or even attosecond processes. Besides that, the totally new patterns of transmission and reflection spectra revealed in this work also imply the deep differences between two mechanisms. Wide potential usages could be expected for the properties found by this work.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) has been adopted as an adjuvant treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after curative therapy. However, the outcomes of AIT remain controversial. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the safety and efficacy of AIT with the recurrence rate and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that adopted AIT to HCC after curative treatments. A meta-analysis was carried out to assess the recurrence rate and mortality. RESULTS: Eight RCTs with 964 patients were included in the study. The overall analysis showed that AIT treatment can not only decrease the 1-year (risk ratio [RR] =0.59, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.48-0.72, P < 0.00001), 2-year (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.60-0.79, P < 0.00001), and 3-year (RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74-091, P = 0.0001) recurrence, but also decrease the 1-year (RR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.30-0.62, P = 0.00001), 2-year (RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.46-0.74, P < 0.00001), and 3-year (RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.73-0.99, P = 0.03) mortality. The results also indicate that the group of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells showed lower pooled RR values compared to the group of cytokine-induced killer cells among every subgroups. However, the AIT treatment failed to affect the 5-year recurrence rate and mortality (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This review provides available evidences that AIT, especially the treatment of LAK, can be used to decrease the early recurrence and mortality of postoperative HCC but may not the long term.
